Expers suna iya amfani da rage matsa lamba don tuki injunan juyawa. Bayanai kan yadda za a tantance damar yiwuwar shigar da mai yawa da za'a iya samu anan.
Yawanci a masana'antar tsari (CPI), "babban adadin makamashi yana cikin bawuloli inda dole ne ya zama ruwan dare. [1]. Ya danganta da abubuwan fasaha daban-daban da yawa, yana iya zama kyawawa don sauya wannan makamashi a cikin makamashi na inji, wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don tuki injiniyoyi ko wasu injunan masu juyawa. Don ƙwayoyin ruwa (taya), ana samun wannan ta amfani da turbayar dawo da makamashi ta hydraulic (HPRT; duba Tunani 1). Don taya mai ban sha'awa (gas), faɗaɗa na'urori madaidaiciya ne.
Expers suna da fasaha mai girma tare da aikace-aikace masu nasara kamar su (FCC), sanyaya-beligerier, bawulen birni ko iska mai iska. A cikin manufa, kowane koshin gas tare da rage matsin lamba, amma "fitarwa na makamashi aiki ne kai tsaye ga matsin iskar gas" [2], kazalika da gagarumin fasaha. Aiwatar da sako: Tsarin ya dogara da waɗannan da sauran dalilai, kamar farashin makamashi na gida da wadatar kayan aikin da ya dace.
Kodayake turboxpander (aiki iri ɗaya zuwa Turbine) shine sanannen nau'in fadada (Hoto 1), akwai wasu nau'ikan abubuwan da suka dace da yanayin tsari daban-daban. Wannan Labarin yana gabatar da manyan nau'ikan masu fitowar da kuma abubuwan haɗin su da kuma taƙaita manajoji, masu ba da shawara ko masu binciken CPI na iya kimanta yiwuwar faɗaɗa.
Akwai nau'ikan juriya da yawa iri daban-daban waɗanda suka bambanta ƙwarai a cikin Geometry da aiki. Ana nuna nau'ikan nau'ikan a cikin Hoto na 2, kuma kowane nau'in an bayyana shi a taƙaice a ƙasa. Don ƙarin bayani, kazalika da zane-zane Kulawa da matsayin aikin kowane nau'in dangane da takamaiman diamita da takamaiman gudu, duba taimako. 3.
Piston turboexpander. Piston da Jotin Piston Turboexpanders suna aiki da injin din na ciki, suna maye gurbin mai da aka adana shi cikin ƙarfin juyawa ta hanyar jujjuyawa.
Ja fadada Turbo. Mai fadakarwa mai birki na Turbine ya ƙunshi ɗakunan kwarara da ke tattare da finafinan bindiga da aka haɗe zuwa ga ɓoyayyen juzu'i. An tsara su ta hanyar ƙafafun ruwa, amma giciye-sashen na masu shirya ɗakunan da ke ƙaruwa daga Inlet zuwa Wallet, ƙyale gas ya faɗaɗa.
Radial Turboexpander. Radial kwarara turboexpanders suna da button na ruwa da kuma baka na radial, ba da izinin iskar gas don faɗaɗa radially ta hanyar turbin. Hakazalika, turbines na hanzari turbines suna fadada gas ta hanyar turbin, amma shugabanci na kwarara ya kasance daidai da juyawa na juyawa.
Wannan kasida ya mai da hankali kan radial da turboexpanders, tattauna da substypes daban-daban, kayan aikinsu, da tattalin arziƙi.
A turboxpander ya fitar da makamashi daga rafin gas kuma yana canza shi cikin nauyin drive. Yawanci nauyin yana da ɗorewa ko janareta da aka haɗa da shaft. A turboxpander tare da mai ɗorewa yana compress ruwa a wasu sassan tsari wanda ke buƙatar ingantaccen ruwa ta amfani da makamashi in ba haka ba. A turboxpander tare da kayan janareta suna canza makamashi zuwa wutar lantarki, wanda za'a iya amfani dashi a cikin sauran tsire-tsire na siyarwa.
Ana iya sananniyar kayan aikin Turboexpander tare da ko dai wani zanen tuƙi kai tsaye zuwa janareta, ko ta hanyar jan ƙarfe zuwa janareta ta hanyar saro. Drive Drive turboexpanders bayar da taimako ga inganci, da farashin saiti. Greenbox Turboexpanders sun fi nauyi kuma yana buƙatar sawun mai girma, lubrication taimako na taimako, da kulawa ta yau da kullun.
Ana iya yin kwarara-ta hanyar turboexpanders a cikin nau'in radial ko turbayen turanci. Radial kwarara dauke da bututun ruwa da kuma wani abin hawa na radial irin wannan gas ya fice daga cikin rotsicy daga cikin juyawa. Axial turbines suna ba da iskar gas don gudawa tare da juyawa. Axial kwarara Turbunes fitar da makamashi daga gas ta ta hanyar Inlet Guide Vanes zuwa Wurin faɗaɗa, tare da yanki na faɗakarwa a hankali yana ƙaruwa sosai don kula da saurin canzawa.
Finderatack mai turboxpander ya ƙunshi manyan abubuwan haɗin guda uku: ƙwallon Turbine, bearfaye na musamman da janareta.
Tekine. Kwakwalwar Turbine galibi ana tsara su musamman don inganta ingancin Aerodynamicic. Application variables that affect turbine wheel design include inlet/outlet pressure, inlet/outlet temperature, volume flow, and fluid properties. Lokacin da matsawa racoo ya yi yawa da za a rage a mataki daya, turboxpander tare da masu yawan Turboine da yawa. Dukansu radial da axial Turbine za a iya tsara su azaman naúrar matakai, amma ƙafafun Turina suna da tsayin gajeren wando kuma saboda haka more m. Radial radial radial rarar Turbines na buƙatar gas don guduwa daga axial zuwa axial da kuma komawa axial, ƙirƙirar asarar tashin hankali na turanci.
Biyan. Dearingani yana da mahimmanci ga ingantaccen aiki na turboxpander. Keɓaɓɓen nau'in da ke da alaƙa da zane-zane na Turboexpander ya bambanta sosai kuma zai iya haɗawa da bikin mai, ɗaukar fim ɗin ruwa, ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma ɗaukar hoto na gargajiya. Kowace hanya tana da nasa damar da rashin amfanin sa, kamar yadda aka nuna a Tebur 1.
Yawancin masana'antun Turboexpander zaɓi magnetic saiti kamar yadda "ɗaukar zaɓi" saboda fa'idodi na musamman. Bayanan Magnetic suna tabbatar da aikin maganganu na turbiyanci na turbuer, yana rage farashin aiki da farashi akan rayuwar injin. An kuma tsara su don yin tsayayya da ɗimbin ɗumbin kaya da radial da yanayi mai ban sha'awa. Matsayin farko na farko suna fuskantar farashin tsarin rayuwa mai yawa.
Dynamo. Generator yana ɗaukar ƙarfin ƙarfin Turbine na Turbine kuma yana canza shi cikin amfani mai ƙarfin lantarki ta amfani da janareta na lantarki (wanda zai iya zama janareta ko kuma mai jan genet janareta). Gudashin shigarwar yana da saurin gudu, don haka aikace-aikacen turbine mai saurin buƙatar sauke akwatin. Masu aikin Magnet dindindin, a gefe guda, na iya zama shaye-kai tsaye a cikin kai tsaye zuwa ga Turbinine kuma suna watsa iko zuwa grid ta hanyar mitar mitar. An tsara janareta don isar da matsakaicin iko dangane da ikon shaft wanda ke cikin tsarin.
Seals. Alfarwar shima yana da matukar muhimmanci lokacin da yake tsara tsarin turboxpander. Don kula da babban aiki da kuma haɗuwa da ka'idojin muhalli, dole ne a rufe tsarin don hana yiwuwar tafaramar gas. Turboexpanders za a iya sanye da kayan ƙarfi ko suttura mai tsauri. A seals mai tsauri, kamar busassun gas da busasshiyar gas, musamman tsakanin shaftarin rufine, yawanci tsakanin injin din Turbine, bearings da sauran injin inda janareta yake. A seesylic seals suna lalata akan lokaci kuma yana buƙatar kulawa ta yau da kullun da dubawa don tabbatar da ayyukan suna aiki yadda yakamata. Lokacin da aka sami kayan haɗin turboxpander a cikin gida guda ɗaya, za a iya amfani da sutturar stals don kare kowane mahimmin mahalli, ciki har da janareto, ko masu aikin jan hankali. Wadannan seals na bakin ciki suna samar da kariya na dindindin daga yare mai gas kuma suna buƙatar gyara ko gyara.
Daga yanayin tsari, bukatar farko don shigar da mai fadada shine samar da iskar gas ga tsarin matsin lamba tare da isassun kwastomomi da amfani da matsi da amfani don kula da aiki na yau da kullun na kayan aiki. Ana kiyaye sigogin aiki a matakin lafiya da ingantaccen matakin.
Dangane da yanayin rage aikin aiki, ana iya amfani da fadada don maye gurbin Joule-Tomson mai ban sha'awa (JT) bawul. Tunda bawul na JT yana motsawa tare da hanya mai ma'ana da fadada da ke cikin entalrop, da hakan yana haifar da ƙananan iska da yawa fiye da bawul na JT. Wannan yana da amfani a cikin tafiyar matakai inda makasudin shine don rage zafin jiki na gas.
Idan akwai ƙananan iyaka akan zafin jiki na gas (alal misali, a cikin ikon lalata inda zazzabi zai iya a sama, hydration, ko mafi ƙarancin kayan ƙiren zazzabi), aƙalla mai shayarwa dole ne a ƙara. sarrafa zazzabi. Lokacin da aka samo preheater sama da faɗaɗa, wasu daga cikin kuzari daga abincin abincin an kuma murmurewa a cikin fadada, ta yadda ta ƙara fitowar ƙarfin sa. A wasu saiti inda ake buƙatar sarrafa zazzabi na waje, sake zama na biyu bayan faɗaɗa don samar da ikon sauri.
A cikin siffa Hoto na 3 yana nuna sauƙin zane na gaba daya kwarara na mai samar da kwarkwata tare da kamshin da aka yi amfani da shi don maye gurbin wani bawul na JT.
A wasu wuraren da aka tsara tsari, ƙarfin kuzari ya murmure a cikin fadada za'a iya canjawa kai tsaye zuwa damfara. Wadannan injunan, wani lokacin da ake kira 'yan sanda ", yawanci suna fadada da matattarar matsakaiciya da aka haɗa da yanki ɗaya ko fiye, wanda kuma na iya haɗawa da yanki mai saurin shiga tsakanin matakai biyu. Hakanan zai iya haɗawa da ƙarin motar don samar da ƙarin iko ga matakin matsawa.
Da ke ƙasa akwai wasu mahimman kayan aikin da suke tabbatar da aiki daidai da kwanciyar hankali na tsarin.
Bypet bawul ko matsin lamba na bawul. Balaguwar Balb ɗin yana ba da damar yin aiki lokacin da Turboxpander ba ta aiki (alal misali, don tabbatarwa ko gaggawa), yayin da jimlar take rage yawan tasirin gas.
Rufewar Hagu na Hagown (ESD). Ana amfani da belves ESD don toshe kwararar gas a cikin fadada a cikin farfadowa cikin gaggawa don gujewa lalacewar injin.
Kayan aiki da sarrafawa. Muhimmin masu canji don saka idanu sun haɗa da Inlet da matsin lamba, frowationarfin ƙasa, saurin juyawa, da fitowar wuta.
Tuki a cikin saurin wuce haddi. Na'urar ta yanke da kwarara zuwa ga Turbine, yana haifar da Rotor Rotor ya rage, ta hanyar kare kayan aiki daga matakan da ba a tsammani wanda zai iya lalata kayan aiki ba wanda zai iya lalata kayan aiki ba wanda zai iya lalata kayan aiki.
Tasirin lafiyar aminci (PSV). PSVs ana shigar da sau da yawa bayan turboxpander don kare bututu da kayan matsin lamba. Dole ne a tsara PSV don yin tsayayya da mafi tsananin matsanancin rayuwa, wanda yawanci sun haɗa da gazawar bayan bawul ɗin buɗe. Idan an kara fadada zuwa tashar rage matsa lamba, dole ne kungiyar ƙirar tsarin ta dole ne ta ƙayyade ko PSV da take yanzu tana samar da isasshen kariya.
Heater. Heaters rama don zazzabi digo lalacewa ta hanyar wucewa ta hanyar wucewa ta turbine, saboda haka dole ne a ci gas. Babban aikinsa shine don ƙara yawan zafin jiki na tashin haushi mai tashi don kula da zafin jiki na gas yana barin faɗaɗa sama da mafi ƙarancin darajar. Wani fa'idar ɗaga zafin jiki shine ƙara fitowar wutar lantarki da kuma hanzarta lalata morrosion, condensation, ko hydrates wanda zai iya shafar kayan aiki nozzles. A cikin tsarin dauke da masu musayar zafi (kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto na 3), yawanci zazzabi ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar tsara kwararar ruwa mai zafi zuwa cikin preheater. A wasu kayayyaki, ana iya amfani da mai heater ko mai hita na wutar lantarki a maimakon musayar zafi. Sheaters na iya riga a cikin tashar data kasance a cikin tashar JT data kasance, kuma ƙara faɗaɗa na iya buƙatar shigar da ƙarin masu wuta, amma yana ƙara kwararar ruwa mai zafi.
Lubricating mai da tsarin gas. Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, shimfida ruwa na iya amfani da zane-zanen hatimi daban-daban, wanda na iya buƙatar lotricts da gas na rufe. A ina zartar, mai mai mai dole ne ya ci gaba da ingancin inganci da tsabta yayin sadarwar da aka aiwatar, kuma matakin dankalin turawa dole ne ya kasance cikin kewayon da ake buƙata na abubuwan da ake buƙata na abubuwan da ake buƙata na abubuwan da ake buƙata. Tsarin gas ne yawanci sanye da na'urar mai mai da zai hana mai daga akwatin mai ɗaukar hoto daga shigar da akwatin fadadawa. Don aikace-aikace na musamman da aka yi amfani da su a masana'antar hydrocarbon, mai mai da tsarin gas yawanci ana tsara su ne don API 617 [5] Part 4 Bayanai.
Mitar mita (VFD). Lokacin da janareta yake shigowa, ana iya kunna wani VFD don daidaita siginar na yanzu (AC) don dacewa da mita mai amfani. Yawanci, zane-zane dangane da mitar mitar mitoci suna da mafi girma gaba ɗaya gaba ɗaya fiye da zane wanda ke amfani da akwatinan kaya ko wasu abubuwan haɗin kayan gear. Hakanan tsarin tushen VFD zai iya ɗaukar canje-canje na tsari wanda zai iya haifar da canje-canje a cikin fadada fadada.
Watsa. Wasu zane-zane na fadada suna amfani da akwati don rage saurin fadada zuwa saurin gudu na janareta. Kudin ta amfani da kayan sirebox yana da ƙananan ƙarfin gaba ɗaya sabili da haka ƙananan fitarwa na wutar lantarki.
Lokacin shirya buƙata don ambaton (RFQ) don fadada, injiniyan aikin dole ne ya fara ƙayyade yanayin aiki, gami da waɗannan bayanan:
Inabiansan injiniya galibi suna kammala ƙayyadaddun ƙirar janareti da ƙayyadaddun bayanai ta amfani da bayanai daga hidimar injiniya. Waɗannan abubuwan da ake shigar dasu na iya haɗawa da masu zuwa:
Har ila yau, takamaiman bayani dole ne ya haɗa da jerin takardu da zane-zane da masana'anta suka bayar a matsayin wani ɓangare na wadatar tsari da kuma ikon samar da gwaji, da kuma ikon gwajin da aka buƙata da aikin da aikin ya buƙata.
Bayanin fasaha da masana'anta ya bayar a matsayin wani ɓangare na mai tazara tsari ya kamata ya ƙunshi waɗannan abubuwan:
Idan kowane bangare na shawara ya bambanta da bayani na asali, dole ne masana'anta ya kuma samar da jerin karkacewa da dalilan karkacewa.
Da zarar an karɓi shawara, ƙungiyar haɓakar aikin ta aikin dole ne ta duba buƙatar haɗin kai da ƙayyade ko bambance-bambancen ba su da ceto.
Sauran ayyukan fasaha don la'akari lokacin da kimantawa bada shawarwari sun hada da:
A ƙarshe, bincike na tattalin arziƙi yana buƙatar aiwatarwa. Saboda zaɓuɓɓuka daban-daban na iya haifar da farashin farko daban-daban, ana bada shawara cewa ana yin bincike na tsabar kudi ko kuma ana amfani da bincike na rayuwa ko kuma a dawo da tattalin arziƙin aikin. Misali, babbar saka hannun jarin na iya zama a cikin dogon lokaci ta hanyar ƙara yawan aiki ko rage bukatun tabbatarwa. Duba "nassoshi" don umarnin kan wannan binciken. 4.
Duk aikace-aikacen janareta na Turboexpander suna buƙatar cikakken ikon ikon ikon ƙarfin don tantance adadin kuzarin da za'a iya dawowa a cikin wani aikace-aikace. Don janareta na Turboexpander, ana ƙididdige yiwuwar ikon iko a matsayin tsari mai kyau (akai-akai). Wannan shine mafi kyawun yanayin Thermoddynamic don la'akari da ingantaccen aikin adabi ba tare da gogewa ba, amma tsari ne daidai don kimanta ainihin ƙarfin makamashi.
Ana lissafta makamashi mai ƙarfi (IPP) ta hanyar ninka takamaiman mahimmin bambanci a cikin buttonl da kuma mafita na turbipander da kuma ninka sakamakon da taro mai gudana. Za'a bayyana wannan makamashi a matsayin adadin mai yawa (daidaitawa (1)):
Ipp = (hinet - h (i, e))))))))))))))
Inda h (i, e) shine takamaiman mai amfani da amfani la'akari da zafin jiki na isentropic kuma ṁ shine yawan adadin kwararar ruwa.
Kodayake ana iya amfani da ƙarfin ƙarfin ISENTrop don kimanta ƙarfin ƙarfin ku, duk ainihin tsarin tsarin yana haɗe da tashin hankali, zafi, da sauran asarar ƙarfin makamashi. Don haka, lokacin da aka lissafta ainihin ƙarfin ikon, ya kamata a la'akari da ƙarin shigarwar bayanan shigarwar:
A mafi yawan aikace-aikacen turboexpander, ana iyakance zafin jiki zuwa mafi karancin don hana matsalolin da ba a so kamar PIPE daskarewa da aka ambata a baya. Inda iskar gas ta gudana, hydrates kusan koyaushe yana gabatarwa, ma'ana cewa bututun mai turɓaya zai daskare cikin ƙasa 0 ° C. Tsarin kankara na iya haifar da ƙuntatawa na jini kuma a ƙarshe rufe tsarin don ƙyamar hanya. Don haka, ana amfani da zafin jiki na "da ake so" don ƙididdige mafi kyawun ƙarfin ikon ƙarfin lantarki. Koyaya, ga gas kamar hydrogen, iyakar zafin jiki yana da yawa kaɗan saboda hydrogen baya canzawa daga gas zuwa ruwa har sai ta kai ga zazzabi mai ruwa (-253 ° C). Yi amfani da wannan zazzabi da ake so don yin lissafin takamaiman entalpy.
Dole ne a la'akari da tsarin turboexander. Ya danganta da fasaha da aka yi amfani da shi, ingantaccen tsarin zai iya bambanta sosai. Misali, turboxpander wanda ke amfani da kayan rage don canja wurin karfin rotal daga cikin janareta za ta sami nutsuwa ta hanyar jan turanci. An bayyana ingantaccen tsarin turboxpander a matsayin kashi kuma ana la'akari da shi lokacin da kimanta ainihin ikon ƙarfin Turboexpander. Hakikanin iko na ainihi (PP) ana lissafta kamar haka:
PP = (hinet - hexit) × ṁ x ṅ (2)
Bari mu kalli aikace-aikacen sauƙin iskar gas. ABC tana aiki da kuma kula da ragin rage matsin lamba wanda ke jigilar gas daga babban bututun mai kuma ya rarraba shi zuwa garuruwan yankin. A wannan tashar, matsar da iska mai laushi shine babban mashaya 40 da matsanancin matsin lamba shine mashaya 8. A preheated Inletle zazzabi ne 35 ° C, wanda ya haifar da gas don hana bututun bututun mai. Sabili da haka, zazzabi mai iska dole ne a sarrafa shi don kada ya faɗi ƙasa 0 ° C. A cikin wannan misalin za mu yi amfani da 5 ° C a matsayin ƙaramar yanayin zafin jiki don ƙara ƙarfin aminci. Resularancin gas mai narkewa shine 50,000 NM3 / H. Don lissafa ikon ikon, za mu ɗauka cewa duk iskar gas ta hanyar faɗaɗa na Turbo da lissafin matsakaicin fitarwa. Kimanta jimlar fitarwa ta iko ta amfani da lissafin masu zuwa:
Lokaci: Mayu-25-2024