HANGZHOU NUZHUO TECHNOLOGY GROUP CO.,LTD.

Faɗaɗawa na iya amfani da rage matsin lamba don tuƙa injinan juyawa. Ana iya samun bayanai kan yadda ake kimanta fa'idodin shigar da faɗaɗawa a nan.
Yawanci a masana'antar sarrafa sinadarai (CPI), "ana ɓatar da kuzari mai yawa a cikin bawuloli masu sarrafa matsin lamba inda dole ne a rage yawan ruwa mai matsin lamba" [1]. Dangane da dalilai daban-daban na fasaha da tattalin arziki, yana iya zama da kyau a canza wannan makamashi zuwa makamashin inji mai juyawa, wanda za'a iya amfani da shi don tuƙa janareto ko wasu injunan juyawa. Ga ruwa mara matsewa (ruwa), ana samun wannan ta amfani da injin turbin mai dawo da makamashin hydraulic (HPRT; duba bayanin 1). Ga ruwa mai matsewa (gas), mai faɗaɗawa injin ne mai dacewa.
Faɗaɗawa fasaha ce mai girma wadda ke da aikace-aikace da yawa masu nasara kamar fashewar ruwa mai narkewa (FCC), sanyaya, bawul ɗin birnin iskar gas, rabuwar iska ko fitar da hayaki. A ƙa'ida, ana iya amfani da duk wani kwararar iskar gas mai ƙarancin matsin lamba don tuƙa mai faɗaɗawa, amma "fitar da makamashin yana daidai da rabon matsin lamba, zafin jiki da kwararar kwararar iskar gas" [2], da kuma yuwuwar fasaha da tattalin arziki. Aiwatar da Faɗaɗawa: Tsarin ya dogara ne akan waɗannan da sauran abubuwa, kamar farashin makamashi na gida da samuwar kayan aiki masu dacewa da masana'anta.
Duk da cewa turboexpander (wanda ke aiki kamar turbine) shine nau'in faɗaɗawa da aka fi sani (Hoto na 1), akwai wasu nau'ikan da suka dace da yanayin tsari daban-daban. Wannan labarin ya gabatar da manyan nau'ikan faɗaɗawa da abubuwan da ke cikinsu kuma ya taƙaita yadda manajojin ayyuka, masu ba da shawara ko masu binciken makamashi a sassa daban-daban na CPI za su iya kimanta fa'idodin tattalin arziki da muhalli na shigar da faɗaɗawa.
Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan madaurin juriya daban-daban waɗanda suka bambanta sosai a cikin yanayin lissafi da aiki. An nuna manyan nau'ikan a cikin Hoto na 2, kuma kowane nau'in an yi bayaninsa a taƙaice a ƙasa. Don ƙarin bayani, da kuma jadawalin kwatanta yanayin aiki na kowane nau'in dangane da takamaiman diamita da takamaiman gudu, duba Taimako. 3.
Turboexpander na Piston. Turboexpanders na Piston da na rotary piston suna aiki kamar injin ƙonawa na ciki mai juyawa, suna shan iskar gas mai matsin lamba mai yawa kuma suna canza kuzarin da aka adana zuwa makamashin juyawa ta hanyar crankshaft.
Ja mai faɗaɗa turbo. Mai faɗaɗa birki ya ƙunshi ɗakin kwarara mai ma'ana tare da fin bokiti da aka haɗa a gefen abin da ke juyawa. An tsara su kamar yadda ƙafafun ruwa ke yi, amma ɓangaren gicciye na ɗakunan mai ma'ana yana ƙaruwa daga shiga zuwa fita, wanda ke ba da damar iskar gas ta faɗaɗa.
Turbofander mai jujjuyawar radial. Turbofanders mai kwararar radial suna da hanyar shiga axial da kuma hanyar fita ta radial, wanda ke ba da damar iskar gas ta faɗaɗa ta cikin turbofaller. Hakazalika, turbofaloli masu kwararar axial suna faɗaɗa iskar gas ta cikin dabaran turbofannel, amma alkiblar kwararar ta kasance daidai da axis na juyawa.
Wannan labarin ya mayar da hankali kan turboexpanders na radial da axial, yana tattauna nau'ikan su daban-daban, abubuwan da suka haɗa, da tattalin arziki.
Turboexpander yana fitar da makamashi daga rafin iskar gas mai matsin lamba kuma yana mayar da shi zuwa nauyin tuƙi. Yawanci nauyin shine compressor ko janareta da aka haɗa da shaft. Turboexpander mai compressor yana matse ruwa a wasu sassan rafin tsari wanda ke buƙatar ruwa mai matsewa, ta haka yana ƙara ingancin injin ta hanyar amfani da makamashin da aka ɓata. Turboexpander mai nauyin janareta yana canza makamashin zuwa wutar lantarki, wanda za'a iya amfani da shi a wasu hanyoyin shuka ko kuma a mayar da shi zuwa grid na gida don siyarwa.
Ana iya sanya janareto na Turboexpander ko dai shaft ɗin tuƙi kai tsaye daga ƙafafun turbine zuwa janareta, ko kuma ta akwatin gear wanda ke rage saurin shigarwa daga ƙafafun turbine zuwa janareta ta hanyar rabon gear. Turboexpanders na tuƙi kai tsaye suna ba da fa'idodi a cikin inganci, sawun ƙafa da kuɗin kulawa. Turboexpanders na gearbox sun fi nauyi kuma suna buƙatar sawun ƙafa mafi girma, kayan aikin taimako na man shafawa, da kuma kulawa akai-akai.
Ana iya yin turboexpanders masu kwarara ta hanyar amfani da turbo mai juyawa ko na axial. Faɗaɗa kwararar radial suna ɗauke da mashigar axial da kuma hanyar fita ta radial ta yadda kwararar iskar gas ke fita daga turbo mai juyawa ta hanyar axial. Turboni masu juyawa suna ba da damar iskar gas ta gudana ta hanyar axial tare da axial na juyawa. Turboni masu juyawar axial suna fitar da makamashi daga kwararar iskar gas ta hanyar jagororin shiga zuwa ga dabaran faɗaɗawa, tare da yankin giciye na ɗakin faɗaɗawa yana ƙaruwa a hankali don kiyaye saurin da ya dace.
Injin samar da turboexpander ya ƙunshi manyan abubuwa guda uku: ƙafafun turbine, bearings na musamman da janareta.
Kekunan Turbine. Sau da yawa ana ƙera ƙafafun turbine musamman don inganta ingancin iska. Canje-canjen aikace-aikace waɗanda ke shafar ƙirar ƙafafun turbine sun haɗa da matsin lamba na shiga/fitowa, zafin shiga/fitowa, kwararar girma, da halayen ruwa. Lokacin da rabon matsi ya yi yawa don a rage shi a mataki ɗaya, ana buƙatar mai faɗaɗa turbine mai ƙafafun turbine da yawa. Ana iya tsara ƙafafun turbine na radial da axial a matsayin waɗanda ke matakai da yawa, amma ƙafafun turbine na axial suna da gajeriyar tsayin axial kuma saboda haka sun fi ƙanƙanta. Turbines na kwararar radial da yawa suna buƙatar iskar gas don gudana daga axial zuwa radial da komawa zuwa axial, suna haifar da asarar gogayya mafi girma fiye da turbines na kwararar axial.
bearings. Tsarin bearings yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga ingantaccen aikin turboexpander. Nau'ikan bearings da suka shafi ƙirar turboexpander sun bambanta sosai kuma suna iya haɗawa da bearings mai, bearings na fim na ruwa, bearings na ball na gargajiya, da bearings na maganadisu. Kowace hanya tana da nata fa'idodi da rashin amfani, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Tebur 1.
Yawancin masana'antun turboexpander suna zaɓar bearings na maganadisu a matsayin "bearing na zaɓinsu" saboda fa'idodinsu na musamman. Bearings na maganadisu suna tabbatar da aiki ba tare da gogayya ba na abubuwan da ke aiki da ƙarfin turboexpander, wanda ke rage farashin aiki da kulawa sosai a tsawon rayuwar injin. Hakanan an ƙera su don jure nau'ikan nauyin axial da radial da yanayin damuwa mai yawa. Babban farashin farko da suke kashewa ana daidaita shi da ƙarancin farashin zagayowar rayuwa.
dynamo. Janareta yana ɗaukar kuzarin juyawa na injin turbine kuma yana mayar da shi zuwa makamashin lantarki mai amfani ta amfani da janareta na lantarki (wanda zai iya zama janareta na induction ko janareta na magnet na dindindin). Injin samar da wutar lantarki yana da ƙarancin gudu, don haka aikace-aikacen injin turbine mai sauri yana buƙatar akwatin gear, amma ana iya tsara shi don dacewa da mitar grid, yana kawar da buƙatar injin turbine mai canzawa (VFD) don samar da wutar lantarki da aka samar. Injin samar da wutar lantarki na dindindin, a gefe guda, ana iya haɗa shi kai tsaye zuwa injin turbine kuma a aika wutar lantarki zuwa grid ta hanyar injin turbine mai canzawa. An tsara janareta don isar da matsakaicin ƙarfi bisa ga ƙarfin shaft da ake da shi a cikin tsarin.
Hatimin. Hatimin kuma muhimmin sashi ne yayin tsara tsarin turboexpander. Don kiyaye ingantaccen aiki da kuma cika ƙa'idodin muhalli, dole ne a rufe tsarin don hana yuwuwar zubar iskar gas. Ana iya sanya Turboexpanders da hatimin motsi ko na tsaye. Hatimin motsi, kamar hatimin labyrinth da hatimin gas busasshe, suna samar da hatimi a kusa da shaft mai juyawa, yawanci tsakanin ƙafafun turbine, bearings da sauran injin inda janareta yake. Hatimin motsi yana lalacewa akan lokaci kuma yana buƙatar kulawa da dubawa akai-akai don tabbatar da cewa suna aiki yadda ya kamata. Lokacin da duk abubuwan turboexpander suka kasance a cikin gida ɗaya, ana iya amfani da hatimin tsaye don kare duk wani jagora da ke fita daga gidan, gami da janareta, tuƙi mai maganadisu, ko firikwensin. Waɗannan hatimin mara iska suna ba da kariya ta dindindin daga zubewar iska kuma ba sa buƙatar gyara ko gyara.
Daga mahangar tsari, babban abin da ake buƙata don shigar da na'urar faɗaɗawa shine samar da iskar gas mai matsin lamba mai yawa (wanda ba za a iya naɗawa ba) zuwa ga tsarin ƙarancin matsi tare da isasshen kwarara, raguwar matsin lamba da amfani da ita don kiyaye aikin kayan aiki na yau da kullun. Ana kiyaye sigogin aiki a matakin aminci da inganci.
Dangane da aikin rage matsin lamba, ana iya amfani da mai faɗaɗawa don maye gurbin bawul ɗin Joule-Thomson (JT), wanda kuma aka sani da bawul ɗin maƙura. Tunda bawul ɗin JT yana motsawa tare da hanyar isentropic kuma mai faɗaɗawa yana motsawa tare da hanyar isontropic, na ƙarshen yana rage enthalpy na iskar gas kuma yana canza bambancin enthalpy zuwa ƙarfin shaft, ta haka yana samar da ƙaramin zafin fitarwa fiye da bawul ɗin JT. Wannan yana da amfani a cikin hanyoyin cryogenic inda burin shine rage zafin iskar gas.
Idan akwai ƙarancin iyaka akan zafin iskar gas da ke fitowa (misali, a tashar rage matsi inda zafin iskar gas dole ne a kiyaye shi sama da daskarewa, ruwa, ko mafi ƙarancin zafin ƙirar kayan), dole ne a ƙara aƙalla hita ɗaya. a kula da zafin iskar gas. Lokacin da mai hita ya kasance a saman mai hita, ana kuma dawo da wasu kuzari daga iskar gas ɗin a cikin mai faɗaɗawa, ta haka ne za a ƙara ƙarfin wutarsa. A wasu tsare-tsare inda ake buƙatar sarrafa zafin fitarwa, ana iya shigar da mai hita na biyu bayan mai faɗaɗawa don samar da iko cikin sauri.
A cikin Hoto na 3 yana nuna zane mai sauƙi na zane-zanen kwararar gabaɗaya na janareta mai faɗaɗawa tare da na'urar dumama da aka yi amfani da ita don maye gurbin bawul ɗin JT.
A wasu tsare-tsare na tsari, makamashin da aka dawo da shi a cikin mai faɗaɗawa za a iya canja shi kai tsaye zuwa ga mai compressor. Waɗannan injunan, waɗanda wani lokacin ake kira "kwamandoji", galibi suna da matakan faɗaɗawa da matsi da aka haɗa ta hanyar shaft ɗaya ko fiye, wanda kuma yana iya haɗawa da akwatin gear don daidaita bambancin gudu tsakanin matakai biyu. Hakanan yana iya haɗawa da ƙarin injin don samar da ƙarin ƙarfi ga matakin matsi.
Ga wasu daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ke tabbatar da ingantaccen aiki da kwanciyar hankali na tsarin.
Bawul ɗin wucewa ko bawul ɗin rage matsin lamba. Bawul ɗin wucewa yana ba da damar aiki ya ci gaba lokacin da turboexpander ɗin ba ya aiki (misali, don gyara ko gaggawa), yayin da ake amfani da bawul ɗin rage matsin lamba don ci gaba da aiki don samar da iskar gas mai yawa lokacin da jimlar kwararar ta wuce ƙarfin ƙirar mai faɗaɗawa.
Bawul ɗin kashewa na gaggawa (ESD). Ana amfani da bawul ɗin ESD don toshe kwararar iskar gas zuwa cikin na'urar faɗaɗawa a cikin gaggawa don guje wa lalacewar injina.
Kayan aiki da sarrafawa. Muhimman abubuwan da za a sa ido a kansu sun haɗa da matsin lamba na shiga da fita, saurin kwarara, saurin juyawa, da kuma fitowar wutar lantarki.
Tuki da sauri mai yawa. Na'urar tana rage kwararar ruwa zuwa injin turbin, wanda hakan ke sa injin turbin ya rage gudu, ta haka ne ke kare kayan aikin daga saurin gudu mai yawa saboda yanayin aiki mara tsammani wanda zai iya lalata kayan aikin.
Bawul ɗin Tsaron Matsi (PSV). Sau da yawa ana shigar da PSVs bayan turboexpander don kare bututun mai da kayan aikin rage matsin lamba. Dole ne a tsara PSV don jure wa mawuyacin yanayi, wanda yawanci ya haɗa da gazawar bawul ɗin wucewa don buɗewa. Idan an ƙara mai faɗaɗawa zuwa tashar rage matsin lamba da ke akwai, ƙungiyar ƙirar tsari dole ne ta tantance ko PSV da ke akwai tana ba da isasshen kariya.
Na'urar dumama. Na'urorin dumama suna rama raguwar zafin da iskar gas ke ratsawa ta cikin injin turbine, don haka dole ne a kunna iskar. Babban aikinsa shine ƙara yawan zafin iskar gas da ke tashi don kiyaye zafin iskar gas ɗin, yana barin na'urar fadadawa sama da mafi ƙarancin ƙima. Wani fa'idar ɗaga zafin shine ƙara yawan wutar lantarki da kuma hana tsatsa, danshi, ko hydrates waɗanda ka iya yin illa ga bututun kayan aiki. A cikin tsarin da ke ɗauke da na'urorin musanya zafi (kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 3), yawanci ana sarrafa zafin iskar gas ta hanyar daidaita kwararar ruwan da aka dumama zuwa na'urar dumama. A wasu ƙira, ana iya amfani da na'urar dumama wuta ko na'urar dumama lantarki maimakon na'urar musayar zafi. Na'urorin dumama na iya wanzuwa a cikin tashar bawul ɗin JT da ke akwai, kuma ƙara na'urar faɗaɗawa ba zai buƙaci shigar da ƙarin na'urorin dumama ba, amma a maimakon haka ƙara yawan ruwan da aka dumama.
Tsarin mai da iskar gas mai rufewa. Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, masu faɗaɗawa za su iya amfani da ƙira daban-daban na hatimi, wanda zai iya buƙatar man shafawa da iskar gas mai rufewa. Inda ya dace, man mai shafawa dole ne ya kasance mai inganci da tsarki lokacin da yake hulɗa da iskar gas mai sarrafawa, kuma matakin danko na mai dole ne ya kasance cikin kewayon aiki da ake buƙata na bearings masu shafawa. Tsarin iskar gas mai rufewa galibi ana sanye shi da na'urar shafa mai don hana mai daga akwatin ɗaukar kaya shiga akwatin faɗaɗawa. Don aikace-aikace na musamman na masu haɗa kayan aiki da ake amfani da su a masana'antar hydrocarbon, tsarin mai da iskar gas mai rufewa galibi ana tsara su ne bisa ga ƙayyadaddun bayanai na API 617 [5] Kashi na 4.
Tuki mai canzawa na mita (VFD). Lokacin da janareta ke kunna wutar lantarki, yawanci ana kunna VFD don daidaita siginar wutar lantarki mai canzawa (AC) don dacewa da mitar amfani. Yawanci, ƙira bisa ga tuki mai canzawa suna da inganci mafi girma fiye da ƙira waɗanda ke amfani da akwatunan gearbox ko wasu kayan aikin injiniya. Tsarin tushen VFD kuma na iya ɗaukar nau'ikan canje-canje na tsari wanda zai iya haifar da canje-canje a cikin saurin shaft mai faɗaɗawa.
Watsawa. Wasu ƙirar masu faɗaɗawa suna amfani da akwatin gear don rage saurin mai faɗaɗawa zuwa saurin janareta. Kudin amfani da akwatin gear yana da ƙarancin inganci gabaɗaya kuma saboda haka ƙarancin fitarwar wutar lantarki.
Lokacin shirya buƙatar ƙiyasin farashi (RFQ) don faɗaɗa na'urar, injiniyan tsari dole ne ya fara tantance yanayin aiki, gami da waɗannan bayanan:
Injiniyoyin injiniya galibi suna kammala ƙayyadaddun bayanai da ƙayyadaddun bayanai na janareta masu faɗaɗawa ta amfani da bayanai daga wasu fannoni na injiniya. Waɗannan abubuwan na iya haɗawa da waɗannan:
Dole ne kuma bayanan su haɗa da jerin takardu da zane-zane da masana'anta suka bayar a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin tayin da kuma iyakokin samarwa, da kuma hanyoyin gwaji masu dacewa kamar yadda aikin ya buƙata.
Bayanan fasaha da masana'anta suka bayar a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin tayin gabaɗaya ya kamata ya haɗa da waɗannan abubuwan:
Idan wani ɓangare na shawarar ya bambanta da takamaiman bayanai na asali, dole ne mai ƙera ya kuma samar da jerin abubuwan da suka ɓace da kuma dalilan da suka haifar da waɗannan abubuwan.
Da zarar an karɓi shawara, ƙungiyar haɓaka aikin dole ne ta sake duba buƙatar bin ƙa'idodi sannan ta tantance ko bambance-bambancen sun dace da fasaha.
Sauran la'akari na fasaha da za a yi la'akari da su yayin tantance shawarwari sun haɗa da:
A ƙarshe, ana buƙatar yin nazarin tattalin arziki. Saboda zaɓuɓɓuka daban-daban na iya haifar da farashi daban-daban na farko, ana ba da shawarar a yi nazarin kuɗaɗen shiga ko kuma nazarin farashin zagayowar rayuwa don kwatanta tattalin arzikin dogon lokaci na aikin da ribar da aka samu akan jarin. Misali, za a iya rage yawan jarin farko a cikin dogon lokaci ta hanyar ƙaruwar yawan aiki ko rage buƙatun kulawa. Duba "Nassoshi" don umarnin kan wannan nau'in bincike. 4.
Duk aikace-aikacen turboexpander-generator suna buƙatar lissafin ƙarfin farko na ƙarfin da za a iya samu don tantance jimlar adadin kuzarin da za a iya samu a cikin wani takamaiman aikace-aikacen. Ga janareta na turboexpander, ana ƙididdige ƙarfin wutar lantarki azaman tsari na isentropic (constant entropy). Wannan shine yanayin thermodynamic mafi kyau don la'akari da tsarin adiabatic mai jurewa ba tare da gogayya ba, amma shine tsari mafi dacewa don kimanta ainihin ƙarfin makamashi.
Ana ƙididdige makamashin Isentropic potential energy (IPP) ta hanyar ninka takamaiman bambancin enthalpy a wurin shiga da fita na turboexpander sannan a ninka sakamakon da yawan kwararar taro. Wannan makamashin zai bayyana a matsayin adadin isentropic (Equation (1)):
IPP = ( hinlet – h(i,e)) × ṁ x ŋ (1)
inda h(i,e) shine takamaiman enthalpy idan aka yi la'akari da zafin fitar da isentropic da ṁ shine ƙimar kwararar taro.
Duk da cewa ana iya amfani da makamashin iyawa na isentropic don kimanta makamashin iyawa, duk tsarin gaske ya haɗa da gogayya, zafi, da sauran asarar makamashin da ke tare da shi. Don haka, lokacin ƙididdige ainihin ƙarfin wutar lantarki, ya kamata a yi la'akari da ƙarin bayanan shigarwa masu zuwa:
A yawancin aikace-aikacen turboexpander, zafin jiki yana iyakance ga mafi ƙarancin don hana matsalolin da ba a so kamar daskarewar bututu da aka ambata a baya. Inda iskar gas ta ke gudana, kusan koyaushe akwai hydrates, ma'ana bututun da ke ƙasa da turboexpander ko bawul ɗin throttle zai daskare a ciki da waje idan zafin fitarwa ya faɗi ƙasa da 0°C. Samuwar kankara na iya haifar da ƙuntata kwarara kuma a ƙarshe ya rufe tsarin don narkewa. Don haka, ana amfani da zafin fitarwa "da ake so" don ƙididdige yanayin wutar lantarki mafi inganci. Koyaya, ga iskar gas kamar hydrogen, iyakar zafin jiki ya yi ƙasa sosai saboda hydrogen ba ya canzawa daga iskar gas zuwa ruwa har sai ya kai zafin jiki mai ƙarfi (-253°C). Yi amfani da wannan zafin fitarwa da ake so don ƙididdige takamaiman enthalpy.
Dole ne a yi la'akari da ingancin tsarin turboexpander. Dangane da fasahar da aka yi amfani da ita, ingancin tsarin na iya bambanta sosai. Misali, turboexpander wanda ke amfani da kayan ragewa don canja wurin kuzarin juyawa daga turbine zuwa janareta zai fuskanci asarar gogayya mafi girma fiye da tsarin da ke amfani da tuƙi kai tsaye daga turbine zuwa janareta. Ana bayyana ingancin tsarin turboexpander gabaɗaya a matsayin kashi kuma ana la'akari da shi lokacin tantance ainihin ƙarfin turboexpander. An ƙididdige ainihin ƙarfin (PP) kamar haka:
PP = (hinlet - hexit) × ṁ x ṁ (2)
Bari mu kalli amfani da rage matsin lamba na iskar gas. ABC tana aiki kuma tana kula da tashar rage matsin lamba wanda ke jigilar iskar gas daga babban bututun mai kuma tana rarraba shi ga ƙananan hukumomi. A wannan tashar, matsin lamba na shigar iskar gas shine mashaya 40 kuma matsin lamba na fita shine mashaya 8. Zafin iskar gas da aka riga aka sanyaya shine 35°C, wanda ke dumama iskar gas don hana daskarewar bututun. Saboda haka, dole ne a sarrafa zafin iskar gas da ke fita don kada ya faɗi ƙasa da 0°C. A cikin wannan misalin za mu yi amfani da 5°C a matsayin mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki na fita don ƙara yawan aminci. Matsakaicin kwararar iskar gas mai girma shine 50,000 Nm3/h. Don ƙididdige ƙarfin wutar lantarki, za mu ɗauka cewa duk iskar gas tana gudana ta cikin mai faɗaɗa turbo kuma mu ƙididdige matsakaicin fitarwar wutar lantarki. Kimanta jimlar ƙarfin fitarwa ta amfani da lissafin da ke ƙasa: