Masu faɗaɗa na iya amfani da rage matsa lamba don fitar da injuna masu juyawa. Ana iya samun bayani kan yadda ake kimanta fa'idodin shigar da na'ura mai tsawo anan.
Yawanci a cikin masana'antar sarrafa sinadarai (CPI), "yawan adadin kuzari yana ɓarna a cikin bawuloli masu sarrafa matsa lamba inda dole ne a rage matsi mai matsa lamba" [1]. Dangane da nau'ikan fasaha da tattalin arziki daban-daban, yana iya yiwuwa a canza wannan makamashi zuwa makamashin injina mai jujjuyawar, wanda za'a iya amfani da shi don tuka janareta ko wasu injinan jujjuya. Don magudanar ruwa (ruwan ruwa), ana samun wannan ta amfani da injin turbine na dawo da makamashin ruwa (HPRT; duba tunani 1). Don magudanar ruwa (gases), mai faɗaɗa inji mai dacewa.
Expanders fasaha ce da balagagge tare da aikace-aikace masu nasara da yawa kamar su ruwa catalytic cracking (FCC), firiji, bawul ɗin gas na birni, rabuwar iska ko fitar da hayaki. A ka'ida, duk wani rafi na iskar gas tare da rage matsa lamba za a iya amfani dashi don fitar da mai faɗaɗa, amma "fitarwa na makamashi yana daidai da ma'aunin matsa lamba, zafin jiki da yawan kwararar iskar gas" [2], da kuma yiwuwar fasaha da tattalin arziki. Expander Expander: Tsarin ya dogara da waɗannan da wasu dalilai, kamar farashin makamashi na gida da samar da kayan aiki masu dacewa.
Kodayake turboexpander (aiki daidai da turbine) shine mafi sanannun nau'in faɗaɗa (Figure 1), akwai wasu nau'ikan da suka dace da yanayin tsari daban-daban. Wannan labarin yana gabatar da manyan nau'ikan masu faɗaɗawa da abubuwan haɗin su kuma ya taƙaita yadda masu sarrafa ayyukan, masu ba da shawara ko masu binciken makamashi a cikin sassan CPI daban-daban na iya kimanta yuwuwar fa'idodin tattalin arziki da muhalli na shigar da faɗaɗa.
Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan juriya iri-iri da yawa waɗanda suka bambanta sosai a cikin lissafi da aiki. Ana nuna manyan nau'ikan a cikin hoto na 2, kuma kowane nau'in an bayyana shi a takaice a ƙasa. Don ƙarin bayani, da kuma zane-zane masu kwatanta matsayin aiki na kowane nau'i dangane da takamaiman diamita da takamaiman gudu, duba Taimako. 3.
Piston turboexpander. Piston da rotary piston turboexpanders suna aiki kamar injin konewa na ciki mai jujjuyawa, suna ɗaukar iskar gas mai ƙarfi da juyar da kuzarin da aka adana zuwa makamashin juyawa ta hanyar crankshaft.
Jawo mai fadada turbo. Fadada injin turbin birki ya ƙunshi ɗakin daɗaɗɗen magudanar ruwa tare da ɓangarorin guga da ke manne da gefen abin juyawa. An tsara su daidai da ƙafafun ruwa, amma ɓangaren giciye na ɗakunan da ke daɗaɗɗa yana ƙaruwa daga shigarwa zuwa fitarwa, yana barin iskar gas ya fadada.
Radial turboexpander. Radial flow turboexpanders suna da mashigar axial da kuma madaidaicin radial, yana ba da damar iskar gas ta fadada radially ta hanyar injin turbine. Hakazalika, injin turbin axial yana faɗaɗa iskar gas ta cikin dabaran turbine, amma alkiblar kwarara ta kasance daidai da axis na juyawa.
Wannan labarin yana mai da hankali kan radial da axial turboexpanders, suna tattauna nau'ikan nau'ikan su daban-daban, abubuwan da aka gyara, da tattalin arziki.
Turboexpander yana fitar da makamashi daga magudanar iskar gas mai ƙarfi kuma ya canza shi zuwa kayan tuƙi. Yawanci kaya shine compressor ko janareta da aka haɗa da shaft. Turboexpander tare da kwampreso yana damfara ruwa a wasu sassa na rafin tsari wanda ke buƙatar matsewar ruwa, don haka yana haɓaka haɓakar shuka gaba ɗaya ta hanyar amfani da makamashin da ba a taɓa yin amfani da shi ba. Turboexpander tare da nauyin janareta yana canza makamashi zuwa wutar lantarki, wanda za'a iya amfani dashi a wasu hanyoyin shuka ko kuma a mayar da shi zuwa grid na gida don siyarwa.
Za a iya sanye da janareta na Turboexpander tare da ko dai injin tuƙi kai tsaye daga motar turbine zuwa janareta, ko kuma ta akwatin gear wanda ke rage saurin shigarwa daga dabaran injin turbine zuwa janareta ta hanyar rabon kaya. Turboexpanders na tuƙi kai tsaye suna ba da fa'ida cikin inganci, sawun ƙafa da farashin kulawa. Gearbox turboexpanders sun fi nauyi kuma suna buƙatar babban sawun ƙafa, kayan taimako na mai, da kulawa na yau da kullun.
Ana iya yin turboexpanders masu gudana ta hanyar radial ko axial turbines. Radial flow expanders ƙunshi wani axial mashiga da kuma radial kanti kamar yadda gas kwarara fita turbine radially daga axis na juyawa. Axial turbines suna ba da izinin iskar gas don gudana axially tare da axis na juyawa. Turbin da ke gudana axial suna fitar da makamashi daga kwararar iskar gas ta hanyar jagorar jagora zuwa ga dabaran faɗaɗawa, tare da yanki na yanki na fadada ɗakin a hankali yana ƙaruwa don kiyaye saurin gudu.
Injin injin turboexpander ya ƙunshi manyan abubuwa guda uku: dabaran turbine, bearings na musamman da janareta.
dabaran Turbine. Yawancin ƙafafun injin turbine ana tsara su musamman don haɓaka haɓakar iska. Matsalolin aikace-aikacen da ke shafar ƙirar dabaran injin turbine sun haɗa da matsa lamba mai shiga/kanti, zazzabi mai shiga/kanti, kwararar ƙara, da kaddarorin ruwa. Lokacin da adadin matsawa ya yi yawa don ragewa a mataki ɗaya, ana buƙatar turboexpander tare da ƙafafun injin turbine da yawa. Dukansu ƙafafun radial da axial turbine ana iya tsara su azaman matakai masu yawa, amma ƙafafun turbine na axial suna da ɗan guntu tsayin axial kuma saboda haka sun fi dacewa. Multistage radial kwarara turbines bukatar gas kwarara daga axial zuwa radial da kuma baya ga axial, haifar da mafi girma gogayya asarar fiye da axial kwarara turbines.
bearings. Zane mai ɗaukar nauyi yana da mahimmanci ga ingantaccen aiki na turboexpander. Nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan turboexpander sun bambanta da yawa kuma suna iya haɗawa da ɗaukar man mai, ɗaukar fim ɗin ruwa, bearings na gargajiya, da ɗaukar hoto. Kowace hanya tana da fa'ida da rashin amfaninta, kamar yadda aka nuna a Table 1.
Yawancin masana'antun turboexpander suna zaɓar igiyoyin maganadisu azaman "ɗaukar zaɓi" saboda fa'idodin su na musamman. Magnetic bearings suna tabbatar da aikin ba tare da gogayya ba na kayan aikin turboexpander, yana rage farashin aiki da kiyayewa akan rayuwar injin. Hakanan an tsara su don tsayayya da nau'ikan nau'ikan axial da radial da yanayin damuwa. Mafi girman farashi na farko ana biya su ta mafi ƙarancin farashin sake zagayowar rayuwa.
dynamo. Janareta yana ɗaukar ƙarfin jujjuyawar injin turbine kuma ya canza shi zuwa makamashin lantarki mai amfani ta amfani da janareta na lantarki (wanda zai iya zama janareta na induction ko kuma janareta na maganadisu na dindindin). Induction janareta suna da ƙananan ƙididdige saurin gudu, don haka aikace-aikacen injin turbine mai sauri yana buƙatar akwatin gear, amma ana iya tsara shi don dacewa da mitar grid, kawar da buƙatar injin mitar mitar (VFD) don samar da wutar lantarki da aka samar. Dindindin na maganadisu janareta, a daya bangaren, za a iya kai tsaye shaft tare da turbine da kuma aika da iko zuwa ga grid ta wani m mitar drive. An tsara janareta don sadar da matsakaicin iko bisa ga ikon shaft ɗin da ke cikin tsarin.
Hatimi. Hatimin kuma wani abu ne mai mahimmanci yayin zayyana tsarin turboexpander. Don kiyaye babban inganci da saduwa da ƙa'idodin muhalli, dole ne a rufe tsarin don hana yuwuwar yatsan iskar gas. Turboexpanders za a iya sanye su da tsayayyen hatimi ko a tsaye. Hatimi mai ƙarfi, kamar hatimin labyrinth da busassun busassun iskar gas, suna ba da hatimi a kusa da ramin jujjuya, yawanci tsakanin injin injin turbine, bearings da sauran injin inda janareta yake. Hatimin hatimi mai ƙarfi ya ƙare akan lokaci kuma yana buƙatar kulawa akai-akai da dubawa don tabbatar da suna aiki yadda ya kamata. Lokacin da duk abubuwan haɗin turboexpander ke ƙunshe a cikin gidaje guda ɗaya, ana iya amfani da hatimi na tsaye don kare duk wani jagorar da ke fitowa daga gidan, gami da janareta, injin ɗaukar maganadisu, ko na'urori masu auna firikwensin. Waɗannan hatimin hatimin iska suna ba da kariya ta dindindin daga zubewar iskar gas kuma ba sa buƙatar kulawa ko gyarawa.
Daga tsarin tsari, ainihin abin da ake buƙata don shigar da mai faɗakarwa shine samar da iskar gas mai ƙarfi (marasa ƙarfi) zuwa tsarin ƙarancin ƙarfi tare da isasshen kwarara, raguwar matsa lamba da amfani don kula da aiki na yau da kullun na kayan aiki. Ana kiyaye sigogin aiki a ingantaccen matakin inganci.
Dangane da aikin rage matsa lamba, ana iya amfani da mai faɗaɗa don maye gurbin bawul ɗin Joule-Thomson (JT), wanda kuma aka sani da bawul ɗin magudanar ruwa. Tun da bawul ɗin JT yana motsawa tare da hanyar isentropic kuma mai faɗaɗa yana motsawa tare da kusan hanyar isentropic, ƙarshen yana rage haɓakar iskar gas kuma yana canza bambancin enthalpy zuwa ikon shaft, don haka yana samar da ƙananan zafin jiki fiye da bawul ɗin JT. Wannan yana da amfani a cikin matakai na cryogenic inda manufar ita ce rage yawan zafin jiki na gas.
Idan akwai ƙanƙantar ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun yanayin zafin iskar gas (misali, a cikin tashar datsewa inda zafin gas ɗin dole ne a kiyaye sama da daskarewa, ruwa, ko mafi ƙarancin zafin ƙirar kayan abu), dole ne a ƙara aƙalla hita ɗaya. sarrafa zafin gas. Lokacin da preheater ya kasance a saman mai faɗakarwa, ana samun wasu makamashi daga iskar gas ɗin a cikin mai faɗaɗa, ta haka yana ƙara ƙarfin ƙarfinsa. A wasu jeri inda ake buƙatar sarrafa zafin jiki, za a iya shigar da reheater na biyu bayan mai faɗaɗa don samar da sarrafawa cikin sauri.
A cikin siffa. Hoto na 3 yana nuna ƙayyadaddun zane na zane-zane na gaba ɗaya na mai faɗaɗa janareta tare da preheater da aka yi amfani da shi don maye gurbin bawul na JT.
A cikin wasu saitunan tsari, ƙarfin da aka dawo da shi a cikin mai faɗaɗa za a iya canja shi kai tsaye zuwa kwampreso. Waɗannan injunan, wasu lokuta ana kiransu “kwamandoji”, yawanci suna da matakan faɗaɗawa da matsawa da aka haɗa ta hanyar ɗaya ko fiye, wanda kuma yana iya haɗawa da akwatin gear don daidaita saurin gudu tsakanin matakan biyu. Hakanan zai iya haɗawa da ƙarin injin don samar da ƙarin ƙarfi zuwa matakin matsawa.
A ƙasa akwai wasu mahimman abubuwan da ke tabbatar da ingantaccen aiki da kwanciyar hankali na tsarin.
Bawul ɗin kewayawa ko bawul ɗin rage matsa lamba. Bawul ɗin kewayawa yana ba da damar aiki don ci gaba lokacin da turboexpander baya aiki (misali, don kiyayewa ko gaggawa), yayin da ake amfani da bawul ɗin rage matsa lamba don ci gaba da aiki don samar da iskar gas mai yawa lokacin da jimlar kwarara ta wuce ƙarfin ƙira na faɗaɗa.
Bawul ɗin rufe gaggawa (ESD). Ana amfani da bawul ɗin ESD don toshe kwararar iskar gas cikin mai faɗaɗa cikin gaggawa don gujewa lalacewar injina.
Kayan aiki da sarrafawa. Mahimman canje-canje don saka idanu sun haɗa da matsa lamba mai shiga da fitarwa, ƙimar kwarara, saurin juyawa, da fitarwar wuta.
Tuki da wuce gona da iri. Na'urar ta katse kwarara zuwa injin turbine, wanda ke haifar da na'urar rotor don rage gudu, ta yadda za a kare kayan aiki daga wuce gona da iri saboda yanayin aiwatar da ba zato ba tsammani wanda zai iya lalata kayan aikin.
Valve Tsaron Matsi (PSV). Ana shigar da PSVs sau da yawa bayan turboexpander don kare bututu da ƙananan kayan aiki. Dole ne a ƙera PSV don jure mafi tsananin abubuwan da ke faruwa, waɗanda yawanci sun haɗa da gazawar bawul ɗin wucewa don buɗewa. Idan an ƙara mai faɗaɗa zuwa tashar rage matsin lamba, ƙungiyar ƙirar tsari dole ne ta tantance ko PSV ɗin da ke akwai yana ba da cikakkiyar kariya.
Mai zafi. Masu zafi suna ramawa ga raguwar zafin jiki da iskar gas ke wucewa ta cikin injin turbin, don haka iskar dole ne a rigaya. Babban aikinsa shine ƙara yawan zafin jiki na hawan iskar gas don kula da zafin gas ɗin yana barin mai faɗaɗa sama da ƙaramin ƙima. Wani fa'ida na haɓaka zafin jiki shine ƙara ƙarfin wutar lantarki tare da hana lalata, gurɓataccen ruwa, ko hydrates waɗanda zasu iya yin illa ga nozzles na kayan aiki. A cikin tsarin da ke ɗauke da masu musayar zafi (kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto na 3), yawancin zafin jiki na iskar gas ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar daidaita kwararar ruwa mai zafi a cikin preheater. A wasu ƙira, ana iya amfani da na'urar hura wuta ko lantarki maimakon na'urar musayar zafi. Mai yiyuwa ne masu dumama dumama a cikin tashar bawul ɗin JT da ke yanzu, kuma ƙara mai faɗaɗa ƙila baya buƙatar shigar da ƙarin dumama, sai dai ƙara kwararar ruwan zafi.
Lubricating mai da hatimi gas tsarin. Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, masu faɗaɗa na iya amfani da ƙirar hatimi daban-daban, waɗanda ke iya buƙatar mai mai da iskar gas. Inda ya dace, mai mai mai dole ne ya kula da inganci da tsabta lokacin da yake hulɗa da iskar gas, kuma matakin ɗanyen mai dole ne ya kasance cikin kewayon aiki da ake buƙata na bearings mai mai. Na'urorin iskar gas ɗin da aka rufe galibi ana sanye su da na'urar sanya mai don hana mai daga akwatin ɗauka shiga cikin akwatin faɗaɗa. Don aikace-aikace na musamman na companders da aka yi amfani da su a cikin masana'antar hydrocarbon, man lube da tsarin iskar gas yawanci an tsara su don ƙayyadaddun API 617 [5] Sashe na 4.
Motar mitar mai canzawa (VFD). Lokacin da aka shigar da janareta, yawanci ana kunna VFD don daidaita sigina mai canzawa (AC) don dacewa da mitar mai amfani. Yawanci, ƙira da ke kan faifan mitoci masu canzawa suna da inganci gabaɗaya fiye da ƙira waɗanda ke amfani da akwatunan gear ko wasu kayan aikin injina. Tsarin tushen VFD kuma zai iya ɗaukar ɗimbin sauye-sauye na tsari wanda zai iya haifar da canje-canje a saurin bututun faɗaɗa.
Watsawa Wasu ƙirar faɗaɗa suna amfani da akwatin gear don rage saurin faɗaɗa zuwa ƙimar ƙimar janareta. Farashin amfani da akwatin gear yana da ƙarancin inganci gabaɗaya don haka ƙananan ƙarfin fitarwa.
Lokacin shirya buƙatun ƙididdigewa (RFQ) don faɗaɗa, injiniyan tsari dole ne ya fara tantance yanayin aiki, gami da bayanan masu zuwa:
Injiniyoyin injiniyoyi galibi suna kammala ƙayyadaddun janareta na faɗaɗa da ƙayyadaddun bayanai ta amfani da bayanai daga wasu fasahohin injiniya. Waɗannan abubuwan shigar na iya haɗawa da masu zuwa:
Dole ne ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai su haɗa da jerin takardu da zanen da masana'anta suka bayar a zaman wani ɓangare na tsarin tausasawa da iyakokin samarwa, da kuma hanyoyin gwajin da suka dace kamar yadda aikin ya buƙata.
Bayanan fasaha da masana'anta suka bayar a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin tausa ya kamata gabaɗaya sun haɗa da abubuwa masu zuwa:
Idan kowane bangare na shawarwarin ya bambanta da ainihin ƙayyadaddun bayanai, dole ne maƙerin ya samar da jerin ƙetare da dalilan karkatattun.
Da zarar an karɓi shawara, ƙungiyar haɓaka aikin dole ne ta sake duba buƙatun don bin ka'ida kuma su tantance ko bambance-bambancen sun tabbata a zahiri.
Wasu la'akari da fasaha da za a yi la'akari yayin kimanta shawarwari sun haɗa da:
A ƙarshe, ana buƙatar yin nazarin tattalin arziki. Domin zaɓuɓɓuka daban-daban na iya haifar da farashi daban-daban na farko, ana ba da shawarar cewa a yi tsarin tafiyar da kuɗi ko kuma nazarin farashin rayuwa don kwatanta tattalin arziƙin aikin na dogon lokaci da dawowa kan saka hannun jari. Misali, babban jarin farko na iya zama diyya a cikin dogon lokaci ta hanyar ƙara yawan aiki ko rage buƙatun kulawa. Dubi "References" don umarni kan irin wannan bincike. 4.
Duk aikace-aikacen janareta na turboexpander suna buƙatar farkon jimlar yuwuwar lissafin wutar lantarki don tantance adadin adadin kuzarin da ake samu wanda za'a iya dawo dasu a cikin takamaiman aikace-aikacen. Don janareta na turboexpander, ana ƙididdige ƙarfin wutar lantarki azaman tsarin isentropic (constant entropy). Wannan shine madaidaicin yanayin yanayin zafi don yin la'akari da tsarin adiabatic mai jujjuyawa ba tare da gogayya ba, amma shine madaidaicin tsari don kimanta ainihin yuwuwar makamashi.
Ana ƙididdige ƙarfin kuzarin isentropic (IPP) ta hanyar ninka takamaiman bambance-bambancen enthalpy a mashigai da fitarwa na turboexpander da ninka sakamakon ta yawan kwararar taro. Wannan yuwuwar kuzarin za a bayyana shi azaman adadin isentropic (Equantity (1)):
IPP = ( hinlet – h(i,e)) × ṁ x ŋ (1)
inda h(i,e) shine ƙayyadaddun enthalpy la'akari da yanayin zafin fitarwa na isentropic kuma ṁ shine yawan kwararar taro.
Ko da yake ana iya amfani da makamashi mai yuwuwar isentropic don kimanta yuwuwar makamashi, duk tsarin gaske ya haɗa da gogayya, zafi, da sauran asarar makamashin da ke gaba. Don haka, lokacin da ake ƙididdige ƙarfin ƙarfin wutar lantarki na ainihi, ya kamata a yi la'akari da ƙarin bayanan shigarwa masu zuwa:
A mafi yawan aikace-aikacen turboexpander, zafin jiki yana iyakance ga mafi ƙarancin don hana matsalolin da ba'a so kamar daskarewar bututu da aka ambata a baya. Inda iskar gas ke gudana, hydrates kusan koyaushe suna nan, ma'ana cewa bututun da ke ƙasa na turboexpander ko bawul ɗin magudanar ruwa zai daskare a ciki da waje idan zafin fitarwa ya faɗi ƙasa 0 ° C. Samuwar ƙanƙara na iya haifar da ƙuntatawar kwarara kuma a ƙarshe rufe tsarin don bushewa. Don haka, ana amfani da zafin fitilun “da ake so” don ƙididdige ingantaccen yanayin ƙarfin wutar lantarki. Duk da haka, ga iskar gas irin su hydrogen, iyakar zafin jiki ya ragu sosai saboda hydrogen ba ya canzawa daga gas zuwa ruwa har sai ya kai yanayin zafi na cryogenic (-253 ° C). Yi amfani da wannan zafin fitin da ake so don ƙididdige takamaiman enthalpy.
Hakanan dole ne a yi la'akari da ingancin tsarin turboexpander. Dangane da fasahar da ake amfani da ita, ingantaccen tsarin zai iya bambanta sosai. Misali, turboexpander wanda ke amfani da kayan ragewa don canja wurin makamashin juyawa daga injin turbine zuwa janareta zai fuskanci hasara mafi girma fiye da tsarin da ke amfani da tuƙi kai tsaye daga injin turbine zuwa janareta. An bayyana cikakken ingantaccen tsarin turboexpander a matsayin kashi kuma ana la'akari da shi lokacin tantance ainihin ƙarfin ƙarfin turboexpander. Ana ƙididdige ainihin ƙarfin ikon (PP) kamar haka:
PP = (hinlet - hexit) × ṁ x ṅ (2)
Bari mu dubi aikace-aikace na iskar gas matsa lamba taimako. ABC tana aiki da kuma kula da tashar rage matsin lamba da ke jigilar iskar gas daga babban bututun kuma tana rarraba shi ga ƙananan hukumomi. A wannan tasha, matsa lamba iskar iskar gas tana da mashaya 40 sannan matsa lamba 8 mashaya ce. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na iskar gas ɗin da aka rigaya ya kai 35°C, wanda ke ɗaukar iskar gas don hana daskarewar bututun. Don haka, dole ne a sarrafa zafin iskar gas ɗin don kada ya faɗi ƙasa 0 ° C. A cikin wannan misalin za mu yi amfani da 5°C a matsayin mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki don ƙara ƙimar aminci. Matsakaicin adadin iskar gas ɗin da aka daidaita shine 50,000 Nm3/h. Don ƙididdige yuwuwar wutar lantarki, za mu ɗauka cewa duk iskar gas yana gudana ta hanyar faɗaɗa turbo kuma muna ƙididdige matsakaicin ƙarfin wutar lantarki. Yi ƙididdige jimlar yuwuwar fitar da wutar lantarki ta amfani da lissafi mai zuwa:
Lokacin aikawa: Mayu-25-2024